Yoga Therapy TTC (Level 2) Syllabus

YOGIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH

• WELLNESS
• ILLNESS
• CONCEPT OF SWASTHYA (HEALTHY CONDITON)
• CONCEPT OF ATUR (DISEASED CONDITON)

YOAYURVEDA AND YOGIC PHYSIOLOGY

• Prakruti Parikshana (Determining one’s Personality constitution)
• Important Yoga practices as per one’s Prakriti (Personality constitution)
• Marmas, Bandhas and Cakras
• Compliance of students and patients of yoga
• Contraindications in yoga
• Common injuries in yoga
• Relationship of yoga to the rest of the medical community

MODERN ANATOMY

• Anatomical terminology
• Anatomical Position
• Organisation of the body
• Body tissue types
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Fascia
• Joint flexibility
• Cartilage
• Functions of cartilage
• Bone
• Functions of bone
• Characteristics of bone
• Types of bone
• Muscle Tissue
• Functions of muscle tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Tissue Injury and Inflammation

EXCERCISE PHYSIOLOGY & YOGIC PHYSIOLOGY

• Exercise Physiology
• Anatomical Position
• Anaerobic metabolism: anaerobic energy production
• Aerobic metabolism: metabolism of glucose in the presence of oxygen
• Muscle Physiology
• Muscle Fibre Types
• Slow twitch (ST) fibres
• Fast twitch (FT) fibres
• Muscle Response to Training
• Muscle Strength
• Muscle Fatigue
• Enhancing muscle performance
• Cardiopulmonary Training
• Fitness testing
• Functional analysis of the gait (walking) cycle
• Essential Components of the Gait (Walking) Cycle
• Major problems found in walking

HATHA YOGA: A BALANCE BETWEEN STRENGTH, FLEXIBILITY AND RELAXATION

• Increasing Strength, Flexibility and Relaxation with Hatha Yoga
• Principles of stretching in yoga
• Principles of strengthening in yoga
• Stimulation of nerve reflexes
• Nerve reflexes
• The myotatic (stretch) reflex
• Reciprocal innervation or reciprocal relaxation

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL YOGA

• Immediate effects of physical yoga
• Increased circulation through yoga
• Yogic facilitation of neuromuscular control
• Yogic regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Use of meditative practices to regulate the nervous system
• Physical exercises (Asana)
• Static postures (asanas)
• Dynamic exercises (vinyasas)
• Breath-control (Pranayama)
• Yogic use of hyperventilation
• Dangers of hyperventilation
• Yogic use of hypoventilation
• Dangers of hypoventilation
• Yogic purification and energy control (bandhas, mudras and kriyas)
• Bandhas – muscle locks and energy guides
• Kriyas – yogic internal cleansing processes
• Mudras – yogic energy-control
• Viparita karani mudra (inverted practice)
• San mukhi mudra (energy-control and sense-control)
• Bandha Hatha Yoga:
• Central bandhas: co-activations of opposing muscles in spinal joint complexes
• Peripheral bandhas: co-activations of opposing muscles in upper and lower limb joint complexes
• A Safe Approach to the use of Bandhas in Yoga Exercises
• Non-physical Yoga: Meditative Practices (Pratayahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi) and Ethical Disciplines (Yama and Niyama)
• IMPORTANCE OF FOLLOWING DINACHARYA AND RITUCHARYA FOR WELL BEING.
• ROLE OF AHARA, NIDRA AND BRAHMACHARYA IN WELLNESS

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Classification of Bones
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton
• The articular (joint) system
• Classification of Joints Synovial Joints
• Function of synovial joints
• Movements about a synovial joint
• Joint complexes

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Skeletal Muscle Structure
• Types of Skeletal Muscle Activations
• Isotonic muscle activations
• Concentric muscle activations
• Eccentric muscle activations
• Isometric muscle activations
• Muscle Actions and Roles
• Factors Affecting Muscle Function
• Role of a muscle
• Number of joints crossed by the muscle
• Type of joint movement or exercise
• Open-chain (OC) movement or exercises
• Closed-chain (CC) movement or exercises
• Weight-bearing (WB) exercises
• Non weight-bearing (NWB) exercises
• Working with Muscle Groups in Hatha Yoga Postures

THE ‘SHOULDER JOINT COMPLEX & AMSA BANDHA

• Bones of the shoulder joint complex
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Joints of the shoulder complex
• Muscles of the shoulder joint complex
• Applied anatomy of the shoulder joint complex in hatha yoga postures
• Uses and effects of the shoulder muscles in hatha yoga asanas
• Effects of shoulder movements and amsa bandha on the nervous system
• SHOULDER PATHOLOGY
• Impingement of the Glenohumeral (GH) joint
• Chronic Anterior Instability of the Shoulder
• Frozen (or Very Stiff) Shoulder
• Problems Related to Faulty Scapulo- humeral Rhythm
• Tears of the Shoulder Stabiliser Muscles: Rotator Cuff Injury

ELBOW JOINT & WRIST JOINT: KURPARA & MANI BANDHA

• Bones of the elbow joint complex
• Humerus (distal end)
• Ulna
• Radius
• Joints of the elbow
• The Elbow Joint complex
• Special Features of the Elbow Joint Complex
• Muscles of the elbow joint complex
• Bones of the wrist & hand
• Joints of the wrist & hand
• Special features of the wrist & hand
• Anatomical Snuff Box
• The Carpal Tunnel
• Nerves of the forearm, wrist & hand
• Elbow Tendonitis: Tennis Elbow
• Peripheral Nerves of the Brachial Plexus
• Innervation of the Joints of the Upper Limb
• Functional Motor Loss and Deformity Resulting from Nerve Lesions
• Radial nerve lesions Ulnar nerve lesions  Median nerve lesions
• Applied anatomy of the forearm, wrist & hand in hatha yoga postures
• Mudras and Bandhas of the Wrist and Hand

HIP JOINT & KATI BANDHA

• Bones of the hip joint complex
• Hip Bone (Coxal Bone)
• The Sacrum
• The Coccyx
• The Femur (proximal end)
• Joints of the hip & pelvis
• Movements of the Pelvis
• Anterior pelvic tilt and posterior pelvic tilt
• Pelvic rotation
• Classification of the pelvis
• Differences between the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
• Muscles of the hip joint complex
• Hip Muscle Strengthening
• Structure of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor)
• Functions of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor)
• Muscles of the Perineum
• Applied anatomy of the hip joint in hatha yoga postures
• Increasing Hip joint Flexibility with Hatha Yoga
• Effect of hip flexibility on lower back pain
• Modifying hamstring stretches to prevent and recover from hamstring tears
• Increasing Hip Joint Strength with Hatha Yoga

KNEE JOINT & JANU BANDHA

• Bones around the knee joint complex
• Femur (distal end)
• Tibia (proximal end)
• Fibula (proximal end)
• Patella
• JOINTS OF THE KNEE
• Muscles of the knee joint complex
• Abnormalities & injuries of the knee
• Abnormal Angles between the Thigh and Leg
• Ruptured Knee Ligaments
• Meniscal Tears
• Patella Tracking Problems (Patella Mal-tracking)
• Applied anatomy of the thigh & knee in hatha yoga postures
• Hatha Yoga for Acute and Chronic Knee Injuries

ANKLE JOINT & GULPHA BANDHA

• Introduction to the applied anatomy of the ankle and foot in hatha yoga postures
• Bones of the lower leg, ankle foot
• Functions of the foot
• Bones of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot
• Tibia (shaft and distal end)
• Fibula (shaft and distal end)
• Tarsal Bones (7)
• Metatarsals (5)
• Phalanges (14)
• Sesamoid bones
• The ankle joint complex
• Arches of the Feet
• Deviations and injuries of the ankle & foot
• Pes Planus (Flat Feet)
• Pes Cavus (Hollow or Over-Arched Feet)
• Hallux Valgus
• Claw Toes
• Ankle Sprains
• Chronic Tendonitis
• Shin splints
• Applied anatomy of the ankle and foot in hatha yoga postures
• Holistic (Yoga) Effects and Uses of Ankle joint Movements and Muscle Activations

SPINAL JOINT COMPLEXES

• Bones & joints of the axial skeleton
• The Skull
• Bones of the skull
• Joints of the skull
• Temperomandibular joint (TMJ)
• Sutures of the skull
• The Vertebral Column
• Curves of the vertebral column
• Typical vertebrae
• Joints of the vertebral column
• Special features of lumbar vertebrae
• Special features of thoracic vertebrae
• Special features of cervical vertebrae
• The Hyoid Bone
• Spinal Joint Complexes
• ABNORMALITIES & INJURIES OF THE SPINE
• Potential Causes of Back Injury
• Age-Related Spinal Pathology
• Common Spinal Pathologies
• Degenerative disc disease
• Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
• Musculoskeletal and Other Abnormalities of the Spine
• Scoliosis
• Torticollis
• Spina bifida
• Muscles of the head & trunk
• Applied anatomy of the spine and trunk in hatha yoga postures
• Increasing Spinal Strength: The Central Bandhas of Hatha Yoga
• Increasing Spinal Flexibility
• Hatha yoga for lower back pain (LBP) and stiffness
• Hatha yoga for upper back and thoracic spine (T/Sp) pain and stiffness
• Hatha yoga for neck and cervical spine (C/Sp) pain and stiffness
• Core stabilisation in Yoga
• HATHA YOGA AS A FORM OF THERAPY
• Treating Acute Injuries with Hatha Yoga
• Treating Chronic Injuries with Hatha Yoga
• Joint Diseases
• Inflammatory joint diseases
• Degenerative joint diseases
• Diseases:
• 1. Back Pain
• 2. Cervical spondylosis
• 3. Lumbar spondylosis
• 4. Arthritis

THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM

• Blood
• Functions of Blood
• Haemostasis
• Blood vessels
• The Heart
• Heart muscle
• Heart chambers
• Heart valves
• Coronary arteries
• Blood Pressure
• Pulse
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Hypotension (low blood pressure)
• Systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
• Foetal circulation
• Baroreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Hormonal regulation
• DISEASES:
• 1. Hypertension
• 2. Coronary artery disease
• 3. Cardiac asthma

THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM

• The Nose
• The Paranasal Sinuses
• The Pharynx
• The Larynx
• The Trachea
• The Bronchi
• The Lungs
• Mechanics of Respiration
• Physiology of Respiration
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Ventilation
• Applied anatomy & physiology of the cardiopulmonary system in hatha yoga
• The Effect of Hatha Yoga on Circulation
• Hatha yoga for people with high blood pressure ( hypertension) and headache
• Hatha yoga for people with low blood pressure (hypotension) and dizziness
• Cardiopulmonary Considerations in Hatha Yoga Exercises
• Hatha yoga for asthmatics and people with breathing difficulties
• Breath-control and Regulation: Pranayama
• Research on Pranayama (Breath-Control), Kumbhaka (Breath Holding)
• DISEASES:
• 1. Right-sided heart failure
• 2. Left-sided heart failure
• DISEASES:
• 1. Asthma
• 2. Bronchitis
• 3. Pneumonia
• 4. Allergic Rhinitis
• 5. Sinusitis 6. COPD

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Nerve Cells
• Neurons: Impulse conducting nerve cells
• Classification of Neurons
• Afferent (sensory) neurons
• Efferent (motor) neurons
• Synapses: Junctions between Neurons
• Neuromuscular Junctions: Nerves Communicating with Muscles
• ORGANISATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Main Structural Components of the Nervous System
• Main Functional Components of the Nervous system
• The sensory-somatic nervous system (SNS)
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The Brain
• Cerebral hemispheres
• Meninges
• Subcortex
• Ventricles
• White matter
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Pineal Gland
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
• Spinal Cord
• NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
• Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
• Spinal nerves and nerve roots
• Nerve plexuses
• Cervical plexus
• Brachial plexus
• Lumbar plexus
• Sacral plexus
• Myotomes
• Dermatomes
• Reflexes
• Proprioceptors: Sensing balance and positioning:
• Nociceptors: Perceiving tissue damage:
• Chemoreceptors: Sensing chemical concentrations
• Baroreceptors: Sensing arterial pressure
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Enteric Nervous System
• SPECIAL SENSES
• The Visual System
• The Auditory System
• The Vestibular System
• DISEASES:
• 1. Migraine headache
• 2. Tension
• 3. Cerebro vascular accidents
• 4. Epilepsy
• 5. Parkinson’s disease
• 6. Errors of vision of refraction.
• 7. Hearing impairment

MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

• Short History of Psychology.
• Method of Counseling.
• Skill for Counseling.
• Stages of Counseling.
• Psychoanalytic Therapy.
• Humanistic Therapy.
• Behaviour Therapy.
• Cognitive therapy.
• DISEASES:
• 1. Psychosis
• 2. Depression
• 3. OCD
• 4. Gen Anxiety Disorder

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM & YOGIC NUTRITIONS

• Salivary Glands
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large Intestine
• Bacterial digestion of food
• Friendly or good bacteria in the large intestine
• Unfriendly or bad bacteria in the large intestine
• Rectum
• Liver
• Functions of the liver
• Production of bile
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• GASTRO INTESTINAL DISORDERS
• 1. Constipation
• 2. APD/ Hyperacidity
• 3. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• 4. Ulcerative colitis
• 5. Chronic diseases
• NUTRITION & DIET FOR PRACTITIONERS OF HATHA YOGA
• Main Types of Nutrients in Food
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Fats
• Derived fats: cholesterol
• Problems Resulting from Ingesting an Excess of the Main Food Types
• Carbohydrates: Problems resulting from eating excess carbohydrates
• Problems with excess sugar
• Proteins: Problems resulting from eating excess protein
• Problems with high protein diets
• Fats: Problems resulting from eating excess fat

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• The Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic vessels
• Immune system Organs and Cells
• Lymph nodes
• Tonsils
• Spleen
• Thymus gland
• Natural and Acquired Immunity
• Mechanical resistance to disease: skin and mucous membranes
• Chemical resistance to disease
• Natural killer (NK) cell resistance to disease
• Phagocytosis
• Inflammation
• Fever
• Specific resistance to disease: Immunity
• Types of immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
• Antibody-mediated (humeral) immunity (AMI)
• Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) system
• Immunosuppressive Diseases
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• Autoimmune diseases

THE ENDOCRINE, URINARY & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

• Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands
• Hormones
• Effects of hormon
• Major Endocrine G
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Thymus gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal glands
• Gonads
• Relationship Between the Endocrine, Nervous and Immune Systems
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
• DISEASES:
• 1. Diabetes Mellitus (I&II)
• 2. Hypo and Hyper-thyroidism
• 3. Obesity

THE URINARY SYSTEM

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
• DISEASES:
• 1. Chronic renal failure
• 2. Renal hypertension
• 3. Renal stones
• 4. Irritable bladder
• 5. Stress incontinence

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Testes (gonads)
• Scrotum
• Male duct system
• Accessory sex glands
• Penis
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Ovaries (gonads)
• Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Vulva
• Mammary glands
• Female reproductive cycle
• Development during pregnancy
• Embryonic development
• Gestation
• Maternal changes during pregnancy
• Foetal changes
• The endocrine, urinary & reproductive systems in hatha yoga
• Hatha yoga for the male reproductive system
• Hatha yoga for the female reproductive system
• Hatha yoga during menstruation
• Hatha yoga during pregnancy
• DISEASES:
• 1. Pregnancy and Childbirth
• 2. Ante-natal care
• 3. Post-natal care
• 4. PCOS
• 5. Anemia

EMERGENCY MEDICINE

• CPR—Adult
• CPR—Child
• CPR—Infant
• CPR—Adult, Child and Infant
• AED
• First Aid